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Origins of עלנו One of the things I’ve talked about over the years here is how some of our תפילות came about, how various alternative versions arose and have emphasized that at least from a historical perspective, many of the variations we see in our prayer are the result of compromises among different customs or traditions. Some examples we’ve looked at are השכיבנו and ברכת הפטרה. I wanted to talk about another part of our תפילות . So let me ask you something. I assume רשי took off his תפילין after davening – who knows, maybe he put on a second pair. But where did his davening end? Specifically, when did a piece of the Amidah from Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur suddenly become part of everyday davening? Of course, we’re talking about עלינו. What do we know about עלינו? When was it written? The earliest source that we have that tells us anything about it is from Rav Hai: תשובות הגאונים - שערי תשובה סימן מג וששאלתם לענין עירובין וידים בשלמא שלמה המלך תקן עירובין וידים יהושע תקן עלינו לשבח ולאו הוא מתקנת רבנן אלא יהושע תקנו כשנכנסו ישראל לארץ שיאמרו זה התיקון להבדיל בין משפחות האדמה וגויי הארצות ושכבר קבלו עליהם אלוה ועל כך תקן לפני מלך מ"ה הקב"ה שמשתחוים מה שלא היו משתחוים בח"ל … …And that which you ask about eruvin and hand-washing – Solomon decreed eruvin and hand-washing and Joshua established Alenu. It is not a rabbinic establishment, but rather Joshua established it when the Jews entered the Land of Israel in order to differentiate the Jewish people from the other nations and to affirm that Israel had accepted God and so he instituted that we bow before the King of kings, which is something they did not ..do outside of the Land of Israel. So, by tradition, Alenu
- the first paragraph of what we say – was composed by
יהושע. From a scholarly standpoint, of course I have
no idea whether
יהושע
wrote it or not, but from the attribution of its authorship we can see clearly
that even as early as the 8th century, it was considered to be of
extreme ancient origin.
There are other
philosophical implications of its attribution that Rav Hai intimates and that
aren’t for now.
What do we see
about how people ended davening?
The
סידור
רב עמרם gives us the following
detail:
ולאחר שסיים
שליח צבור עושה
שלום נוהגים לומר
כך. So Rav Amram mentions all kinds of different ways of ending prayer and never once mentions Alenu. It was not said. We see it mentioned in the 13th century by R. Menachem ben Shlomo Meiri. He was born in 1249 and died in 1315, and was one the leading rabbis in southern France.
בית הבחירה למאירי מסכת ברכות דף לב עמוד ב
…Just as someone praying needs to pause a bit before beginning prayer also needs to do so after prayer, so that it does not appear that he is thrusting a burden off of himself…. Consequently, after prayer, recitation of the psalm of the day or of Alenu has been instituted. Note that Alenu is merely one of the possible rabbinic institutions for the end of prayer and not a mandated one. We have another reference from
חיים
בן דויד, a student of the
רשב"א (רשב"א lives 1235-1310, student of Rabbeinu Yonah
and the Ramban) –
אחר סיום התפילה היו שוהין קצת ואומרים עלינו לשבח ומנהג בצרפת שאיו אומרים אותו בתפילת מנחה ואפילו בשבת רק בשחרית וערבית שעה שאומרים שמע ישראל So what do we know about Aleinu, and what have scholars concluded or surmised. We understand that the previous primary usage for the prayer was as the introduction to מלכויות on ר"ה. One of the principle scholars in the field was Prof. Yosef Heineman, who lived 1917-1980 and was an associate professor of Jewish literature at Hebrew University. In his book התפילה בתקופת התנאים והאמוראים
He proposes: כל
אלו
רומזים
ברורות
על
חיבור
תפילה
זו
על
רקע
עבודת
בית־המקדש.
רק
בשעה
Let’s assume that his theory of composition is either correct or that the Geonic tradition of authorship is correct and that the prayer ended up as part of the עבודה because its theme fit in with the basic thrust of the service. Gershom Scholem also maintains that many of the terms used in Alenu connect strongly with the mystical tradition of מעשה בראשית and מעשה מרכבה, both of which Scholem dates to the tannaitic period. What we’ve done so far is
demonstrate that the prayer was incorporated into Ashkenazic prayer in the
12-13th centuries.
We’ve seen
that it was either an ancient prayer that had such profound relevance to the
temple service that it was incorporated into it or that it was composed
sometime in the second half of the second temple period – I think you can be a
שומר תורה
ומצוות and accept either – I think you can even
ascribe the outline of the prayer to Yehoshua and that perhaps the final
version of it emanated from the tannaitic age, it doesn’t matter. What we are still left with is how it made
the jump from
עבודה, via
מלכיות, into daily prayer.
We’ve seen that there appears to be some connection between Alenu and
Shema that needs to be explained.
We’ve
also seen the basis of the halachic idea of extended prayer in some manner. We’ll pick these up next time; we’ll also
explain why the addition of Alenu to daily prayer was originally a uniquely
Ashkenazic practice.
We will also see
why, if the old custom was to say Alenu only Shacharit and Maariv we now say it
Minchah time as well.
Last time we discussed the origins of Alenu and its usage as part of the avodah. We left open a number of questions that we’ll start to deal with today. I commented that the addition of Alenu to daily prayer was initially an Ashkenazic practice and was driven by some very specific cultural attributes of the Franco-German community. As we’ve seen in the past, Ashkenazic custom and practice is derived from מנהג א"י. Our פייטנים largely came from there and many of the halachic ideas of extended תפילה come from that tradition. Indeed, in a discussion of הלכות תפילה, we see: תלמוד בבלי מסכת ברכות דף כא עמוד א ורבי אלעזר אמר: ספק קרא קריאת שמע ספק לא קרא - חוזר וקורא קריאת שמע, ספק התפלל ספק לא התפלל - אינו חוזר ומתפלל. ורבי יוחנן אמר: ולואי שיתפלל אדם כל היום כולו. Even into the Franco-German period we also know that they made far more ברכות than we do today, including those on what are called מכשירי מצווה such as building a sukkah. We know of פוסקים who would a ברכה on things like כיבוד אב and צדקה. Among the practices that developed was a תפילה אחר תפילה that people used to say called מעמדות. This set of prayers is attributed to ר' אליהו הזקן ממאנש, who lived in the 11th century. The name is taken from that of the group of ישראלים who basically had Temple duty; and along with the לויים, would say certain prayers throughout the period of offering sacrifices during the day. The later מעמדות were designed to be said privately by people who had time and who were so inclined. In the temple period, these groups would recite the פסוקים of the creation of the day
משנה מסכת
תענית פרק ד משנה
ב To this, ר' אליהו הזקן ממאנש added פסוקים from all over תנ"ך, the קרבנות that we now say earlier in the morning, the שיר של יום and other things. Among what we find in some of the versions of the מעמדות at the very end – in only some, and not a majority of the texts we have – is Alenu. In the past 15-20 years, we have discovered a manuscript of a siddur in Oxford that we are able to definitively date to no later than 1190. How do we know this? On the last pages of the fragments that we have there is an accounting list of amounts owed to the owner of the siddur, including some very well known English Jews of the period and this obviously helps us date the book. In this text we have a version of Alenu that runs as follows: עלנו לשבח לאדון הכל לתת גדולה ליוצר בראשית שלא עשאנו כגויי הארצות... So far it sounds familiar right? It continues… ולא שם חלקנו כחלקם וגורלנו כגורלם.... No major difference.
שהם
משתחווים
להבל וריק
ומתפללים לאל
לא יושיע –
אדם,דם, מרה,
בשר סרוחה,
רימה, טמאים
וטמאות, מנאפים
ומנאפות, מתים
בעוונם
ונמקים ברשעם,
בלויי עפר,
רקובי רימה
ומתפללים לאל
לא יושיע Over time, it appears that the need to work displaced people’s willingness and desire to say the extended מעמדות and sections dropped out. The evident anti-christian theme appears to have made alenu one of the last surviving remnants of the מעמדות. Apparently, we first see the prayer in Sephardic circles until the later 13th century. Last week we also noted that the מנהג in France was to not say Alenu at mincha and that it bears some connection to Shema. The commonality is that they both deal with יחוד ה' and therefore the custom evolved to say one when we said the other. Apparently, the אריז"ל is the one who encouraged saying it at Mincha, with the argument that if we feel the need to say Alenu when we already have another mention of יחוד ה, certainly when we need to say it when we do not have any other reference to that concept. Rabbi Goldberger raised the question that if Alenu was said in order to keep people from rushing out of shul after davening, then there is no reason why they can’t rush out of shul after Alenu. I’d suggest that in the days when people said some or all of the מעמדות that might have been valid. Today though, none of us considers Alenu to have the status of a miscellaneous addition. We say a Kaddish after it and that be its very nature means that it has, over the centuries, become part of the communal prayer structure and needs to be treated with the same halachic sensitivity as everything that comes before it. Last Updated February 17, 2011
Originally written May 21, 2010
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